Fig. 4

High glucose exposure promotes the proinflammatory phenotype of BV2 cells. (A) qRT-PCR assays monitoring the expression of proinflammatory phenotype markers, CD86, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in BV2 cells incubated with glucose (20 µmol/L) for 48 h. Control cells were incubated with saline (n = 6, Student’s t-test). (B) qRT-PCR assays monitoring expression of anti-inflammatory phenotype markers, CD206, IL-10, Arg-1, and Ym1 in glucose-treated BV2 cells and control cells (n = 6, Student’s t-test). (C) Flow cytometry analysis of CD86⁺ populations in glucose-treated BV2 cells and control cells. Representative images (left); quantified result (right, n = 5, Student’s t-test). (D) Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ populations in glucose-treated BV2 cells and control cells. Representative images (left); quantified result (right, n = 5, Student’s t-test). (E) Secreted IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α proteins in the supernatant of glucose-treated BV2 cells and control cells as determined by ELISA (n = 6, Student’s t-test). **p < 0.01