Fig. 4

Thickened upstream PV of PVS rats. A Representative upstream PV and its local magnification in the sham group. Red lines indicate smooth muscle (SM) layer thickness; yellow lines indicate cardiomyocyte (CM) layer thickness; B Representative upstream PV and its local magnification in the PVS group. The red arrow indicates the banding knot; the red lines indicate the SM layer thickness; and the yellow lines indicate CM layer thickness. C Magnification of the PV from the sham group. D Magnification of the PV from the PVS group. The red arrow indicates the banding knot. E Quantification of the thickness of SM layer thickness, n = 30 slides from 6 rats