From: Modulating AHR function offers exciting therapeutic potential in gut immunity and inflammation
Type | Ligand | Abbreviation | Class | Source | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exogenous synthetic ligands | 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin | TCDD | Agonists | Municipal and industrial waste incineration, vehicle exhaust, PVC plastics, pesticide production, and steel smelting | Kerkvliet N. I. 2012[328] |
Benzo[a]pyrene | BaP | ||||
Benz(a)anthracene | BA | GMachala M et al. 2001 [331] | |||
Polychlorinated biphenyls | PCBs | Safe S. H et al. 2001[332] | |||
4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-pyrimidin-2-yl) -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amine | VAF347 | Ibabao C. N et al. 2015; Zapadka T. E et al. 2021 [333, 334] | |||
Natural exogenous ligands | Berberine | Berberine | Agonists | Dietary | Vrzal R et al. 2005 [95] |
2-(indole-3-methane)-3, 3'-diindolylmethane | LTr-1 | Lin L et al. 2022 [335] | |||
3, 3-diindolylmethane | DIM | Chen I et al. 1996 [336] | |||
Indolo[3,2-b] carbazole | ICZ | Esser C et al. 2015[42] | |||
Flavonoids | Flavonoids | Agonists/antagonists | Xue Z et al. 2017 [93] | ||
Indole-3-carbinol | I3C | Weak agonists/partial antagonists | Peng C et al. 2021 [337] | ||
Carotenoids | Carotenoids | Zhang, S et al,.2003 [79] | |||
Curcumin | Curcumin | Agonists/antagonists | Ciolino H. P et al. 1998 [338] | ||
Resveratrol | Resveratrol | Nguyen N. T et al. 2015 [339] | |||
Endogenous ligands | Lipoxin A4 | Lipoxin A4 | Agonists | Host metabolism | Denison M. S et al. 2003 [340] |
Bilirubin | Bilirubin | Bradshaw T. D et al. 2009 [141] | |||
Biliverdin | Biliverdin | Xue J et al. 2012[341] | |||
Heme metabolites | Heme metabolites | Tan Y. Q et al. 2022 [146] | |||
6-Formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole | FICZ | Photo-oxidation | Smirnova A et al. 2016; Quintana F. J et al. 2008 [146, 217, 343] | ||
2-(10H-indole-30-carbonyl)-thiazole-4carboxylic acid methyl ester | ITE | Endogenous/chemical process | Dolciami D et al. 2018 [343] | ||
Kynurenine | KYN | Host metabolism | Gargaro M et al. 2021[344] | ||
Cinnabarinic acid | CA | Lowe M. M et al. 2014 [345] | |||
Kynurenic acid | KA | Novikov O et al. 2016 [346] | |||
Xanthurenic acid | XA | DiNatale B. C et al. 2010 [347] | |||
Tryptamine | Tryptamine | Microbiota metabolism | Dopkins N et al. 2021 [348] | ||
Skatole | skatole | Kurata K et al. 2019 [349] | |||
Indoleacrylic acid | IA | Lavelle A et al. 2020 [350] | |||
Indole-3-acid-acetic | IAA | Zhao H et al. 2019 [351] | |||
Indole-3-propionic acid | IPA | Lavelle A et al. 2020 [350] | |||
Indole-3-lactic acid | ILA | Wong C. B et al. 2020 [352] | |||
Indole-3-aldehyde | IAld | Zelante T et al. 2013 [20] | |||
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde | 3-IAld | Puccetti M et al. 2021 [353] | |||
Indole-3-acetaldehyde | IAAld | Aoki R et al. 2018 [354] |