Fig. 4
Propionate inhibits TLR2- and TLR3-induced lung cancer progression. A and B. A549 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate for 24 h, and cell migration was assessed by wound healing assays (A). Results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD, n = 3 independent experiments (B). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. C and D. H1299 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate for 48 h, and cell migration was assessed by wound healing assays (C). The results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD, n = 3 independent experiments) (D). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. E and F. A549 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate, as indicated, and cell invasion assays were performed (E). The results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD, n = 3 independent experiments) (F). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. G and H. H1299 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate, as indicated, and cell invasion assays were performed (G). The results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD, n = 3 independent experiments (H). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. I and J. A549 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate, as indicated, and colony-forming assays were performed (I, scale bar: 50 μm). The number of colonies was counted using Adobe Photoshop software, and the results are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (J, n = 3 plates). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. K and L. H1299 cells were treated with vehicle, HKLM, and poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of propionate, as indicated, and colony-forming assays were performed (K, scale bar: 50 μm). The number of colonies was counted using Adobe Photoshop software, and the results are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (L, n = 3 plates). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001