Table 1 Diverse Fndc5/Irisin functions and the associated signaling pathways

Mouse embryoid bodies

Mouse Embryoid Bodies

ERK1/2 MAPK pathway

Facilitates neural differentiation

[8]

Recombinant irisin

White Adipocytes

p38 and ERK MAP Kinase

Browning of white adipocytes

[21]

Conditioned medium of 3T3-L1 cell line and myoblast

Primary rat osteoblast and MC3T3-E1 cell line and bone marrow stromal cells

p38 and ERK MAP Kinase

Osteoblast proliferation and differentiation

[27,28,29]

Recombinant irisin

Human endothelial cell

ERK1/2 MAPK

Endothelial cell proliferation

[34]

Recombinant irisin

Primary-cultured myoblasts and L6 cells

P38 MAPK

Glucose uptake

[35]

circulating irisin

Skeletal muscle

p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK

Insulin sensitivity

[40]

Recombinant irisin

H19-7 hippocampal cell lines

STAT3

H19-7 cell proliferation

[47]

Fndc5 overexpression circulating irisin

Adipose tissue

AMPK pathway

Attenuates inflammation

[52]

Recombinant irisin

A549 and NCI-H446 lung cancer cells

PI3K/AKT pathway

Anti-metastatic effects

[56]

Recombinant irisin

U2OS cells (osteosarcoma cells)

STAT3/Snail signaling pathway

Anti-metastatic effects

[62]

Skeletal muscle

White adipose tissue

AMPK-PGC1α-FNDC5 signaling pathway

Browning of WAT

[65]

Recombinant irisin

RAW-264.7 cell line

TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway

Anti-Inflammatory

[66]

Recombinant irisin

Endothelial cells

AMPK-Akt-eNOS-NO Pathway

Lowers Blood Pressure

[68]

Recombinant irisin

Cardiomyocyte and mouse heart

AMPK-ULK1 and AMPK- mTOR

Improves cardiac hypertrophy

[82, 83]

Recombinant irisin

Human cortical slices

Mouse hippocampal slices

cAMP/PKA/CREB

Roles in memory formation

[46]

Recombinant irisin

PaCa-2 and Panc03.27 cells

AMPK-mTOR

Suppress pancreatic cancer cell

[63]

Recombinant irisin

3T3-L1

Wnt signaling

Inhibit adipogenesis

[42]

Hippocampus of mice

Hippocampus of mice

FNDC5/BDNF/Akt

antidepressant-like effect

[81]