Fig. 6

Differential expressions of FMRFamide-like peptides before and after parasitism in H. avenae. a Comparison of expression levels of indicated FLPs at pre-parasitic and post-parasitic stages by analyzing transcriptome-sequencing data. * Log₂(fold change) pre/post, normalized Log₂(pre-parasitic RPKM/post-parasitic RPKM), calculated by DEGseq. b Real-time PCR results for the expression of indicated FLPs genes in five different developmental stages. The FLPs expression levels in H. avenae at hatched-J2, parasitic-J2, J3, J4 and female adult stages were normalized to that of egg stage. Statistic significance was determined by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. ***p < 0.001