Fig. 4

Effects of soaking mixed stages of Radopholus similis with FITC and octopamine. a–f FITC fluorescence in R. similis incubated for 8 h with different concentrations of FITC, as follows: a 0.1 mg/mL, b 0.2 mg/mL, c 0.4 mg/mL, d 0.8 mg/mL, e 1.0 mg/mL and f 2.0 mg/mL. The scale bar represents 500 μm. g Average percentages of active nematodes after worms were soaked with different concentrations of FITC for 8 h. h Average percentages of active nematodes after worms were soaked with different concentrations of octopamine for 8 and 12 h. The bars indicate the standard errors of the mean (n = 5), and different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between different treatments